![]() This may be due to perceived similarities in the smell of citrus leaves and fruit with that of cedar. It is related to the ancient Greek word for cedar, κέδρος ( kédros). The generic name originated from Latin, where it referred to either the plant now known as citron ( C. In cooler parts of Europe, citrus fruit was grown in orangeries starting in the 17th century many were as much status symbols as functional agricultural structures. Oranges were introduced to Florida by Spanish colonists. This group of species has reached great importance in some of the Mediterranean countries, and in the case of orange, mandarin, and lemon trees, they found here soil and climatic conditions which allow them to achieve a high level of fruit quality, even better than in the regions from where they came. Mandarins were not introduced until the 19th century. Lemons, pomelos, and sour oranges are believed to have been introduced to the Mediterranean later by Arab traders at around the 10th century CE and sweet oranges by the Genoese and Portuguese from Asia during the 15th to 16th century. The agronomists of classical Rome made many references to the cultivation of citrus fruits within the limits of their empire. The earliest complete description of the citron was first attested from Theophrastus, c. Other archaeobotanical evidence include pollen from Carthage dating back to the 4th century BCE and carbonized seeds from Pompeii dated to around the 3rd to 2nd century BCE. Although the exact date of the original introduction is unknown due to the sparseness of archaeobotanical remains, the earliest evidence are seeds recovered from the Hala Sultan Tekke site of Cyprus, dated to around 1200 BCE. It was introduced via two ancient trade routes: an overland route through Persia, the Levant and the Mediterranean islands and a maritime route through the Arabian Peninsula and Ptolemaic Egypt into North Africa. The citron ( Citrus medica) was also introduced early into the Mediterranean basin from India and Southeast Asia. 3000–1500 BCE), where Citrus hystrix, Citrus macroptera, and Citrus maxima were among the canoe plants carried by Austronesian voyagers eastwards into Micronesia and Polynesia. The earliest introductions of citrus species by human migrations was during the Austronesian expansion (c. This was later followed by the spread of citrus species into Taiwan and Japan in the Early Pliocene (5.33 to 3.6 mya), resulting in the tachibana orange ( C. tachibana) and beyond the Wallace Line into Papua New Guinea and Australia during the Early Pleistocene (2.5 million to 800,000 years ago), where further speciation events occurred resulting in the Australian limes. Map of inferred original wild ranges of the main Citrus cultivars, and selected relevant wild taxa The species resulting from this event include the citrons ( Citrus medica) of South Asia the pomelos ( C. maxima) of Mainland Southeast Asia the mandarins ( C. reticulata), kumquats ( C. japonica), mangshanyegan ( C. mangshanensis), and ichang papedas ( C. cavaleriei) of southeastern China the kaffir limes ( C. hystrix) of Island Southeast Asia and the biasong and samuyao ( C. micrantha) of the Philippines. A change in climate conditions during the Late Miocene (11.63 to 5.33 mya) resulted in a sudden speciation event. It diverged from a common ancestor with Poncirus trifoliata. ![]() (2018) has shown that the center of origin of the genus Citrus is likely the southeast foothills of the Himalayas, in a region stretching from eastern Assam, northern Myanmar, to western Yunnan. A genomic, phylogenic, and biogeographical analysis by Wu et al. Domestication of citrus species involved much hybridization and introgression, leaving much uncertainty about when and where domestication first happened. History Ĭitrus plants are native to subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, Island Southeast Asia, Near Oceania, and northeastern and central Australia. 1200 BCE) via the incense trade route, and onwards to Europe and the Americas. 3000–1500 BCE) and to the Middle East and the Mediterranean (c. From there its cultivation spread into Micronesia and Polynesia by the Austronesian expansion (c. Various citrus species have been used and domesticated by indigenous cultures in these areas since ancient times. ![]() The genus Citrus is native to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and Australia. ![]() Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes. ×Citrofortunella J.W.Ingram & H.E.MooreĬitrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae ( / r uː ˈ t eɪ s i ˌ aɪ/).See also below for other species and hybrids. Sweet orange ( Citrus × sinensis cultivar)
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